Hybrid Car Comparisons For 2007 - Buy A Hybrid Save The Planet?

For the past couple -three years, there has been much buzz going on about Hybrid Cars and the many benefits they seem to offer. It seems that Hybrid Cars may be the solution to both major problems we face in the United States today when it comes to transportation...

What are those two problems facing the United States when it comes to transportation?

1. Surging Oil Prices

2. Concern about the environment

So, how do you know which hybrid car to buy?

Compare your options and the benefits.

Owning a Hybrid car will offer you many, many benefits.

To name a few hybrid benefits:

1. Tax breaks by many states and Federal Government
2. Fuel cost savings - Hybrids use less fuel
3. Hybrid Cars are better for the environment producing less emissions

For these reasons and the never ending surge of gas pump prices, hybrid cars have experienced a sharp increase in sales.

More and more car manufacturers are joining the hybrid vehicle arena with their own versions. Both the old stand by companies that have been around for ever as well as many new "green car" companies are popping up to enter into the Hybrid Car Revolution. This is wonderful for those of you who are planning to buy a hybrid car, you now have so many choices it's almost unbelievable, that?s why you really need to compare hybrid cars to see which one would fit perfectly with your needs.

In this article we will only compare two of the worlds leading hybrid car manufactures, the Japanese giant's Toyota and Honda.

Toyota and Honda are credited with producing many top innovations of hybrid technology and their hybrid cars are the most popular, most awarded hybrid vehicles on the hybrid market today.

Here, in this article we will compare the hybrid cars they are offering for 2007 year, these will include the Honda Accord Hybrid, Honda Civic Hybrid, Lexus GS 450H, Toyota Camry Hybrid and the Toyota Prius.

Their fuel efficiency can be compared through their average consumption per mile in different situations, like; City Driving ? where the traffic is constantly stopping, Highway Driving ? where the engine can freely operate at maximum level and their combined average usage.

Miles Per Gallon and Average Used Per Gallon

• Honda Accord Hybrid ? 28 MPG (city), 35 MPG (Highway) and 31 MPG (Combined Average)
• Honda Civic - 49 MPG (city), 51 MPG (Highway) and 50 MPG (Combined Average)
• Lexus GS 450H - 25 MPG (city), 28 MPG (Highway) and 26 MPG (Combined Average)
• Toyota Camry Hybrid - 40 MPG (city), 38 MPG (Highway) and 39 MPG (Combined Average)
• Toyota Prius - 60 MPG (city), 51 MPG (Highway) and 55 MPG (Combined Average)

Before you just go out and pick the one with the highest MPG average, you need to consider something else.

Fuel type.

All of these vehicles use regular gasoline except for the Lexus which uses Premium Gasoline that is much pricier per gallon.

You also need to compare the size class of each hybrid car as well as the engine size and liters of the engine.

• Accord Hybrid is a midsize car with a 3 liter - 6 cylinder engine.
• Civic Hybrid is a compact car with a 1.3 liter ? 4 cylinder engine.
• Lexus GS 450H is another compact car with a 3.5 liter ? 6 cylinder engine.
• Toyota Camry Hybrid is a midsize sedan equipped with a 2.4 liter ? 4 cylinder engine
• Toyota Prius is a compact car with a 1.5 liter ? 4 cylinder engine.

The bigger the car and the more powerful the engine is, the more fuel will be consumed. Considering all these aspects and doing your homework can lead to a fantastic hybrid vehicle purchase.

You have to put all of the considerations on the table when searching for the best hybrid to buy.

So, before you rush right out an get that shiny new hybrid car, compare first and do your homework. Find the one that will suit your needs and fit your personality best and you will be on your way to helping save the environment as well as saving yourself some money on fuel.

Frederick Musser is the owner of e85 Tips. A site dedicated to informing the world about alternative fuels and energy and their many benefits.

For more information on e85 and alternative fuels please visit e85Tips.com

Implementing ISO 9000

You may be in a position where your customers are demanding you implement an ISO 9000 quality system or you would like to do it for the benefits it can provide your organization. You may not have the resources to hire a consultant to help you. Can you achieve this task on your own, without the help of a consultant? Yes. You do not need a consultant to implement an ISO 9000 quality management system. You can do it with the resources you have.

Will a consultant provide you a better quality system than you can implement yourself? No. I say that not as a disrespect to consultants but because quality systems are ever evolving and developing. It's not where you start that is important it's where you end up in a year or two down the road. A consultant can expedite the process and save you a great deal of time. What takes you a day to do and figure out, a consultant can do in an hour or two. Based on this, why would anybody hire a consultant? The same reason some people hire someone to mow their yard and do their landscaping, that time is more valuable to be spent somewhere else.

You may be a position where ISO 9000 implementation is required but the necessary resources are not available to hire a consultant, what do you do? The first thing is to gain information. You need to become educated in the ISO 9000 standards and what they mean and their intent. Whether you hire a consultant or are choosing to implement a quality system on your own you need to purchase the following list of standards:

ISO 9000:2005 Quality management systems - Fundamentals and vocabulary

ISO 9001:2000 Quality management systems - Requirements

ISO 9004:2000 Quality management systems - Guidelines for performance improvements

ISO 19011:2002 Guidelines for quality and/or environmental management systems auditing

ISO 10014:2006 Quality management - Guidelines for realizing financial and economic benefits

You can obtain these standards from the International Organization of Standardization (ISO), American Society of Quality (ASQ) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

The most important piece of advice I can give you, once you have purchased these standards, READ THEM. Find yourself a quiet place and read them. Read them several times. The reading is dull and the wording is somewhat confusing, it's alright, read them. These are international standards, not a John Grisham novel. You are not going to be riveted to the reading and hardly waiting to get back to it. You may find yourself more confused after reading them, that is fine, keep reading. After a several readings, it will begin to make sense to you. You will gain a new understanding of what the standards are saying and begin to realize what needs to be done and how to do it.

At this point, you understand the standard and what needs to be done. If you ever question anything or are not quite sure, refer to the standard. Go back and read it again. The first thing you need to do is provide an overview for your top management. If cost constraints prevent you from hiring someone to train top management, then provide the training yourself. Chances are, your top management knows significantly less about ISO 9000 than you do. That makes you an expert and should you travel greater than 50 miles, you can begin to charge consultant fees.

Your training to top management should answer the following questions, what is ISO?, what is it going to do for us? why are we implementing it? how much is this going to cost us and how long will it take? how are we going to do it? what role does top management have?

What is ISO? ISO 9000 is an internationally recognized quality management systems standard. It's premise is based on knowing customer requirements and continually enhancing customer satisfaction. This is achieved by developing key business processes, monitoring them with metrics against objectives to ensure effectiveness and putting forth effort to continually improve those processes.

What is it going to do for us? The adoption of an ISO 9000 quality system allows us to consistently provides products and services to our customers that meet there expectations and continually enhance their satisfaction. Why are we implementing ISO 9000? Chances are it's one of two reasons, one is your customers are requesting it or two you are interested in achieving the results in can provide. How much will it cost and how long will it take? If you complete it internally you can plan on it taking about a year (depending on your size and available resources) and it won't cost you anything other than what you are currently paying people. You should plan on spending about $1,100 - $1,300 dollars for one person to go to internal auditor training. That person can then train the rest of your designated internal auditors.

The registration audit will be $5,000 - $6,000 and the surveillance audits run $3,000 per year. Approximately, it amounts to a one time cost of $9,000 and annual cost of $3,000. How are we going to do it? We will perform a gap analysis to determine our deficiencies and develop an implementation team from that. We will track the progress of implementation. What role does top management have in ISO 9000? Top management has the biggest role. That group is responsible for the planning, development, maintenance and improvement of the system. Top management is expected to be actively involved in reviewing the designated process metric data and making decisions based on that data.

After you train top management, you must assess where you are now. There are most likely processes in place that are being done even without documentation. Write down all of your key business processes, accounting, purchasing, human resources, customer service, etc. After you get them written down, now you need to flowchart them out to document how they work. A simple downward flowing flowchart in one column with responsibility in another column and the last column has records.

Once you get them documented, now go through the standard and write down any process, clause or section of the standard that your current process does not address. These are the gaps in your system. They are the areas the standard states needs to be addressed that you are not. Once you have this, put it into a document where you can track the action against who is responsible and time line agreed to. Similar to this:

Action Responsible Date Develop internal audit process Joe F. 11-14-06 Train internal auditors Tom C 12-18-06

After you have transferred the actions needed into the above format, you have developed your implementation plan. Ensure this plan is reviewed and monitored by top management frequently. They must be kept in the loop. At some point of the implementation you will want to train the entire workforce on ISO 9000. Work out a schedule that is flexible. It does not have to be extremely detailed, but provide a good overview of what ISO 9000 is, why it is being implemented and how it will impact them. Good luck, you can do it.

Robert Badner is a freelance writer for Innovations for Quality, LLC. Innovations for Quality provides live, interactive, online training for ISO 9000 and ASQ Certification. You can visit their websites at http://www.asqcertification.org and http://iso9000training.org

ISO 9000 FAQs

ISO 9000 is a set of standards internationally accepted by businesses and consumers. It allows organizations to establish and monitor quality management systems. ISO 9000 standards are considered to be generic standards since they can apply to any business, product or service irrespective of the industry. They have been developed and are maintained by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

1. What is the ISO 9000 family?

The ISO 9000 family consists of three quality assurance and quality management standards, namely, ISO 9000: 2000, ISO 9001:2000, and ISO 9004:2000. The ISO 9000:2000 and ISO 9004:2000 present guidelines for performance improvement, while the ISO 9001:2000 presents requirements. These standards are implemented by individual businesses, corporations, and government organizations.

2. What are the benefits of ISO 9000?

Major benefits include increased marketability, reduced operational expenses, better management control, improved internal communication, reduction of product-liability risks, and improved customer service.

3. What are the main phases involved in obtaining ISO 9000 certification?

There are two major phases - documentation and certification. Documentation process is done in-house or by the help of an ISO 9000 consultant. Most businesses seek the services of an experienced consultant to create the quality system. An agency accredited in this regard does the certification. The certification process includes documentation review and compliance audit. Documentation review is done with or without visits to the organization. Compliance audit is generally conducted on the site.

4. Is a consultant must for implementing ISO 9000?

The manuals of standards and certification are written in such a way that most of us can hardly understand what they are saying. Only an experienced consultant can help you understand and effectively administer new and existing quality systems.

5. How much does it cost to become ISO 9000 certified?

Unfortunately, there is no simple answer to this question. The cost depends on a lot of factors such as complexity of operations, number of locations of plants, willingness of owners, and type of standards to be implemented.

6. How long does it take to attain ISO 9000 certification?

Depending upon the commitment of the owner and/or managers, the time taken could be 3 months to a whole year. ISO certification is granted initially for a period of three years.

ISO 9000 provides detailed information on ISO 9000, ISO 9000 Standards, ISO 9000 Software, ISO 9000 Consulting and more. ISO 9000 is affiliated with Home Inspections.

Mapping ISO 9001 - 2000 With CMMI

This article is an effort to create a mapping between the one of the most common standard and one of the most common models.

In this section different clauses of the ISO 9001:2000 standard is compared with the GP’s of CMMI:

(ISO: Clause 4) – Quality Management System
• Organization process focus
• Organization process definition
• Project planning
• Process and product quality assurance
• Configuration management
• Supplier agreement management

CMMI

Generic Practices – 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.1, 3.2

(ISO: Clause 5) – Management Responsibility
• Organization process focus
• Organization process definition
• Requirement development
• Project monitoring and control
• Organizational process performance
• Quantitative project management

CMMI

Generic Practices – 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.6, 2.7, 2.10, 3.1,

(ISO: Clause 6) – Resource management

• Project planning
• Organization training
• Organizational environment for integration

CMMI

Generic Practices – 2.3, 2.5,

(ISO: Clause 7) – Product Realization
• Requirement management
• Requirement development
• Technical solution
• Product integration
• Measurement and analysis
• Quantitative project management
• Verification
• Validation
• Organization process definition
• Project planning
• Project monitoring and control
• Integrated project management
• Configuration management
• Supplier agreement management

CMMI

Generic Practices – 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, 3.1

(ISO: Clause 8) - Measurement Analysis & Improvement

• Project monitoring and control
• Process and product quality assurance
• Measurement and analysis
• Configuration management
• Requirement management
• Requirement development
• Supplier agreement management
• Organization process focus
• Verification
• Validation
• Organizational innovation and development
• Organizational process performance
• Quantitative project management
• Casual analysis and resolution

CMMI

Generic Practices – 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 2.9, 3.2

In ISO 9001:2000 there are six mandatory procedures which have to be fulfilled. This section brings to light where these mandatory procedures are covered in CMMI.

Mapping with six mandatory procedures based on ISO 9001:2000 to CMMI

4.2.2 – Control of Documents

• Configuration management (Generic practices 2.6)

4.2.4 – Control of records

• Configuration management (Generic practices 2.6, 2.2)

8.2.2 – Internal Audit

• Organization process focus (Specific practices 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2)
• Process and product quality assurance (Generic practices 2.4, 2.6)
• Measurement and analysis (Specific practices 2.4, 2.6, 2.9)

8.3 – Control of non-conforming Product

• Configuration management (All generic practices)
• Project monitoring and control (Specific practices 2.1, 2.2, 2.3)

8.5.2 – Corrective Action

• Organization process focus (Specific practices 2.1, 2.2, 2.3)
• Project monitoring and control (2.1, 2.2, 2.3)

8.5.3 – Preventive Action

• Organization process focus (Specific practices 2.4)
• Causal analysis and resolution (Specific practices 1.1, 1.2 2.1, 2.2, 2.3)

Whenever we do any project/activity all of us knowingly or unknowingly follow the cycle which is known as PDCA i.e. Plan, Do, Check, Act. This section shows how PDCA is covered in both ISO 9001:2000 and CMMI

Mapping with PDCA based on ISO 9001:2000 to CMMI

P – Plan

ISO
• Clause 4 Quality Management System
• Clause 5 Management Responsibility
• Clause 6 Resource management

CMMI
• Organization process focus
• Organization process definition
• Project planning
• Process and product quality assurance
• Configuration management
• Supplier agreement management
• Organization training
• Organizational environment for integration
• Requirement development
• Project monitoring and control
• Quantitative project management

D – DO

ISO • Clause 7 Product Realization

CMMI
• Requirement development
• Technical solution
• Product integration
• Measurement and analysis
• Quantitative project management
• Verification
• Validation
• Organization process definition
• Project planning
• Project monitoring and control
• Integrated project management
• Configuration management
• Supplier agreement management

C – Check

ISO
• Measurement analysis & Improvement

CMMI
• Project monitoring and control
• Process and product quality assurance
• Measurement and analysis
• Configuration management
• Requirement management
• Requirement development
• Supplier agreement management
• Organization process focus
• Verification
• Validation
• Organizational innovation and development
• Organizational process performance
• Quantitative project management
• Casual analysis and resolution

A – Act

ISO
• Measurement analysis & Improvement

CMMI
• Requirement development
• Technical solution
• Product integration
• Measurement and analysis
• Quantitative project management
• Verification
• Validation
• Organization process definition
• Project planning
• Project monitoring and control
• Integrated project management
• Configuration management
• Supplier agreement management

Tariq Kamal is working as a Process Consultant in New Delhi. He provides consultancy in the Quality field in software. Visit his website http://www.gate2quality.com

ISO 4217 in Forex Trading

ISO 4217 is an international standard describing three letter codes to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

The first two letters of the code are the two letters of ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes (which are similar to those used for national top-level domains on the internet) and the third is usually the initial of the currency itself. So Japan's currency code becomes JPY—JP for Japan and Y for yen. This eliminates the problem caused by the names dollar, franc and pound being used in dozens of different countries, all with wildly differing values.

The standard also defines the relationship between the major currency unit and any minor currency unit. Often, the minor currency unit has a value that is 1/100 of the major unit, but 1/10 or 1/1000 are also common. Some currencies do not have any minor currency unit at all. Mauritania does not use a decimal division of units, setting 1 ouguiya (UM) = 5 khoums, and Madagascar has 1 ariary = 5 iraimbilanja.

ISO 4217 includes codes for not only currencies, but also codes for precious metals (gold, silver, palladium and platinum; normally measured in troy ounces) and certain other entities used in international finance, e.g. Special Drawing Rights. There are also special codes allocated for testing purposes (XTS), and to indicate no currency transactions (XXX). These codes all begin with the letter "X". ISO 3166 never assigns country codes beginning with "X", so ISO 4217 can use "X" codes for non-country-specific currencies without risk of clashing with future country codes.

Supranational currencies, such as the East Caribbean dollar, the CFP franc, the CFA franc BEAC and the CFA franc BCEAO are normally also represented by codes beginning with an "X". However, the Euro is represented by the code EUR; although EU is not an ISO 3166-1 country code, it was used anyway, and in order to do so EU was added to the ISO 3166-1 reserved codes list to represent the European Union. The predecessor to the Euro, the European Currency Unit, had the code XEU.

More detail about ISO 4217 can be found on wikipedia.org

The author blog: Marketiva Forex

ISO 9001 What Records Does My Business Need To Keep?

Which documents must I keep for ISO 9001?

In addition to the legislative requirement for your business to keep certain records ISO 9001 2000 requires your business to retain other records to demonstrate compliance with its various clauses.

From an ISO 9001 2000 viewpoint records are documents generated whilst operating your Quality Management System. Typical examples are records of management reviews, purchase orders, sales orders, test results and internal quality system audits.

An ISO 9001 2000 consultant can be very helpful to your business in deciding which records are required and those that are not.

The standard is not specific about how long your business must retain each record but in order not to fall foul of your own Quality Management System, or the law, you might like to consider the following.

If your business offers a period of (x) years guarantee with its product you must keep associated records for at least (x) years.

If your business sells products that have legislative requirements for product testing you must keep associated records for the life of the product and sometimes longer.

Any legislative requirement for you to keep records associated with your product or service.

Records can be in many formats including computer generated records such as those maintained by the Easy ISO 9001 2000® software package.

It would be wise to remember when keeping computer based records for long periods (say 10 - 30 years) the medium upon which the data is stored will deteriorate and therefore you must periodically validate its integrity. Another factor to consider with long term data storage is will a device still be available in 30 years time to read the media upon which the data is stored? I still have computer programs on punch tape but I no longer have a punch tape reader! If you do not know what I am talking about here take it as validation of this advice. (Punch tape was a medium for storing computer programs and data in the 1960's and 1970's)

The following table identifies the specific records required by ISO 9001 2000. The list does not include records that your business might choose to retain voluntarily or those required by legislative requirements for your product or service.

Clause Document to retain, (Record)

5.6.1 Minutes from your Quality Management Review meetings, including any actions raised.

6.2.2 Education, training, skills and experience.(Sub clause-e)

7.1 Evidence that the realization processes and resulting product fulfill requirements. (Sub clause-d)

7.2.2 Results of the review of the requirements relating to the product and actions arising from the review.

7.3.2 Design and development inputs.

7.3.4 Results of design and development reviews and any necessary action.

7.3.5 Results of design and development verification and any necessary action.

7.3.6 Results of design and development validation and any necessary action.

7.3.7 Results of the review of design and development changes and any necessary action.

7.4.1 Results of supplier evaluations and actions arising from evaluations.

7.5.2 As required by the organization to demonstrate the validation of processes where the resulting output cannot be verified by subsequent monitoring and measurement. (Sub clause-d)

7.5.3 The unique identification of the product, where traceability is a requirement.

7.5.4 Customer property that is lost, damaged or otherwise found to be unsuitable for use.

7.6 Standards used for calibration or verification of measuring equipment where no international or national measurement standards exist. (Sub clause-a)

7.6 Validity of previous results when measuring equipment is found not to conform with its requirements.

7.6 Results of calibration or verification of measuring equipment.

8.2.2 Internal audit results.

8.2.4 Evidence of product conformity with the acceptance criteria and indication of the authority responsible for the release of the product.

8.3 Nature of the product non-conformities and any subsequent actions taken, including concessions obtained.

8.5.2 Results of corrective actions.

8.5.3 Results of preventive actions.

Driso provide ISO 9001 2000 consultancy, auditing, software, and training Services. They also supply Easy ISO 9001 2000® software for initially setting up an ISO 9001 2000 compliant Quality Management System or improving upon an existing one. To contact Driso Consultancy Services visit the web site below and see what they can do for you and your business. Contact: http://www.driso.co.uk for more details.